博罗目前共有106家微型消防站 维护当地消防安全
??? ???? ??? (??) ??? ??????.???(????: El Ni?o→?? ????)? ??? ????? ??? ???, ????? ??? ?? ? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????.
???? ???? ?????? ???, ?????? ???? ????. ?? ???? 4? ?? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ??? 2~7? ????.[1] ???? ???? ??? ???(→?? ????)?? ???, ????? ???, ????? ???? ???. ???? ???? ???? ??? ????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????.[2][3] ?? ??? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ? ??? ???.
??? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????,[4] ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????(????: El Ni?o de Navidad)? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[5][6]
??
?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????,[7] ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????.[8][9] ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????, ??, ??????? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????.[10] ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??.[9]
??? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???.[11] ?? ??, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???, 13,000? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?????.[12] 1525? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?, ??? ?? ??? ??? ??????, ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.[12] ???? 1900? ?? ???? ?? 30? ?? ????? ??? ??.[13][14][15]
?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???,[16] ????? ???? ???? ?? 3.4 ???? ?? ??? 5?? ?? ????? 0.5 °C ???? ???? ?? ???? ????,[17] ?? ???? ?? 3 ???? ?? ??? 6?? ?? ????? 0.5 °C ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????.[18] ??????? ???? ?? 3 ? 3.4 ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??.[19]
???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??, ?? ??, ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???,[20][21] ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[22][23][24]
??
??
??? ??? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???.[11] ?????, ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.[25] 1900? ??? ???? 30? ?? ???? ??? ????, ? ? 1982?~1983?, 1997?~1998?, 2014?~2016? ??? ??? ?? ?????.[13][14] 2000? ??? ??? ???? 2002?~2003?, 2004?~2005?, 2006?~2007?, 2009?~2010?, 2014?~2016?,[13] 2018?~2019?? ?????.[26][27] ??, ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1790?~1793? 1828?, 1876?~1878?, 1891?, 1925?~1926?, 1972?~1973?, 1982?~1983?, 1997?~1998?, 2014?~2016???.[28][29][30]
?? ?? ? ??? ??
??
???? ?? 300? ? ??? ??? ?? ???, ???? ???. ???, ???? 10,000? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??.[33]
???? ?? ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??.[34] ?? ????? 1789??? 1793? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???, ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ?????? ??.[35] ?? 1876??? 1877? ? ??? ???? ?? 19?? ? ??? ??? ??????,[36] ? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ? 130? ?? ?????.[37]
'???'?? ??? 1892? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? '???'?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????.[38] ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???, ?? ??? ?? ???? ???. ???? ?? ?? ????, 1822? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????.[39][40][41]
1888? ?? ??? 1904? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????,[42][43] 1894? ??? ????? 1895? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[40][44][45] 1924? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ??? '????'??? ????,[46] ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ?????.[47]
1982?~1983? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ?? ????? 1990?~1995??? ?? ???? ?????,[48][49][50] 1997?~1998? ???? ??? ???, ? ??? ?? 16%? ???, ?? ?? ??? 1.5 °C? ???.[51] ? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ???.[52]
???
??
??? ???? § ??? ??? ??????.????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???, ??? ???? ???? ????, ???? ???? ??.[53][54][55] ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ????? ?????,[55] ?? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ???? ???? ???,[55] ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ????.[55] ???, ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ??.[55]
???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??.[56] ??? ?? 20? ?, ???? ?? ?? ??(?? 1 ? ?? 2)? ??? ?????, ????(?? 3.4)? ??? ???? ??? ??????,[57] ? ??? ???? ??? ????(CP ENSO),[56] ?? ??? ??? ????, ???→(???) ???? ??? ??????? ???.[58][59][60][61]
???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???. ?????, ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????.[62]
?? ? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??. ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???,[63][64] ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???,[65][66][67][68][69] ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??.[70][71]
1986? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????,[72] ? ? 1991?~1992?, 1994?~1995?, 2002?~2003?, 2004?~2005?, 2009?~2010??? ???? ???? ?????.[73] ??, 1957?~1959?,[74] 1963?~1964?, 1965?~1966?, 1968?~1970?, 1977?~1978?, 1979?~1980?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????.[75][76] ????? 2006?~2007?? 2014?~2016? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????.[77][78]
???? ??
??
???? ???? ??? ??? ??, ???? ???? ???.[79][80]
?? ???
???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????, ???? ?? ??? ? ???? ????.[81] ??? ??? ???, ????? ?? ??? 9?~11?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? 130?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????.[82]
??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ????, ???? ??? ????, ??? ???? ???? ???, ?? ???? ??? ??? ????.[83] ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?? ???.[84] ??????? ?? ? ??? ??? ???, ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????,[83] ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????, ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????.[82] ??????? ?? 135?? ?? 120? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????, ?? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ????.[10][83] ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? 50% ?????, ???, ???? ?????, ??, ???, ? ??? ???? ??? ????.[10][85][86]
??? ?? ????? ????
????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????, ?? ? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?????.[87] ???? ?? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??.[88] ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?? ???? ????? ???, ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ??.[89] ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??.[28]
??? ??
??1950? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???, ???? ??? ??? ?? ????,[90] ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???.[90] ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ??, ????? ??, ?? ???? ??, ?? ????? ??? ??? ??.[90]
???
?????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???? ??? ????. 2014?~2016? ??? ?? ?? ????? 2? ? ? ? ???? 6.3 mm?? ?? ??, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????.[91]
????
????? ? ??, ????, ???? ?? ? ?????? 3??? 5??? ????? ???, ???, ????, ????, ???? ? ??????? 12??? 2??? ????? ????.
??
???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????.[92] ????? ??? ? ????? ????????? ???? ????, ??? ? ????? ? ??? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????.[93] ? ??? ?? ??? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???.[93]
??????? ? ????
????? ?? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??, ???????? ??? ???? ????.[10] ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????, ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???, ???? ?? ??? ????.[10] ??-??????? ???? ?? ??? 2??? 6? ?? ????, ?? ?? ??? ???? ????.[10] ??????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.[10] ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ? ????, ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????.[94] ??? ?????? ???? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????.[94]
??? ?? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ??? ????? ???,[95] ?? ??? ??? ?? 1? ? ? ????.[95] ?????? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ??, ??? ??? ????.[96] ? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??, ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????.[96]
??
?????? ??? ?? ??? ????, ???? ????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????.[97][98] ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????, ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???.[99]
?????
??
??????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? 10??? 3? ??? ?? ????.[100][101] ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????,[102] ????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???, ???, ?????, ??? ???, ????? ???? ?????.[100]
???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? 1981? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????.[103]
?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????,[100] ??? ???? ??? ???? '??' ???? ????, '???? ?? ??'?? ??? ??? ???? ???. ?????, ???? ????? ???? ??, ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???.[104][105]
???????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???, ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??. ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??? 10??? 3? ??? ????, ?? 7??? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??. ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??, ?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ? ?? ???? ????.[106] ??????? ? ???? ?? 6??? ????.[107] ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??, ??? ??? ????.[108]
?????
?????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ? ?? ??. ???? ???? 4??? 10? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????, ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.[109] 2??? 4? ??? ???? ??? ??, ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???, ????, ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???, ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???.[110]
???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???. 1972? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???, 1982?~1983? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???, ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ???? ????, ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???.[111]
??? ? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ? ?????, ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????, ??? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ???? ??. ???? ??, ????, ????????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????.[112]
????? ??
??????? ??? ?????? ???? 1000 km ?? ??? ?????,[113] ????, ??, ?, ?? ? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????.[114] ????? ??? ???? ????? ????, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?????,[115] ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????, ????? ??? ??, ??, ???? ? ?? ????? ??? ???, ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??.[116] ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??.[117]
?????? ??
????? ??
??
???? ? ?? ? ????, ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??.[110]
?? ???? ??? ??, ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??. ????? ?? ???? ???? ??, ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???, ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ? ??.[118] ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????, ??, ?????, ??, ??, ????, ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??? ????, ?????, ???. ???, ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???.[119] ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? 0.5% ?????, ?????? ?????? 1.0% ???? ???? ???.[120]
??? ??
?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??. ?????, ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????, ???, ??????? ??? ???? ????.[121] ??, ?????, ???, ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??. ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ??. 1997?~1998? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ? ??????? ???? ????? ???.[122]
???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????[123] ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???.[124]
???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???, ???? ???? ?? ?????? 1950??? 2004???? ??? ??? 1950? ?? ??? ?? ? 21%? ??? ????? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? 3%??, ??? ??? 6%? 2? ????? ?????.[125][126]
???? ??
???????? ??, 1972?~1973? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?????. ?????????, ?????, ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???. ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????. 1982?~1983?, 1997?~1998?, 2015?~2016??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ????. ??, 2015?~2016? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????.[127] ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????, ??????? ???? ?? ?? 100? ?? ????? ?????.
1997?~1998?, 2015?~2016??? ? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ? ??? ?? ??? 75%~99% ??? ???. 1972?~1973?, 1982?~1983?, 1997?~1998?, 2015?~2016??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???. 1982?~1983??? ????? ????? 2?? ?????, ????? 600 km? ??? ???? ???? ???.[128]
??? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????. ?? ???? ????? ??? 2022? 10? ??? ??? ???, ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ? ??.[129]
?? ??
????
??- ↑ Changnon, Stanley A (2000). 《El Ni?o 1997-98 The Climate Event of The Century》. New York: Oxford University Press. 35?. ISBN 0-19-513552-0.
- ↑ Climate Prediction Center (2005? 12? 19?). “Frequently Asked Questions about El Ni?o and La Ni?a”. National Centers for Environmental Prediction. 2009? 8? 27?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 7? 17?? ???.
- ↑ Sergey K. Gulev; Peter W. Thorne; Jinho Ahn; Frank J. Dentener; Catia M. Domingues; Sebastian Gerland; Daoyi Gong; Darrell S. Kaufman; Hyacinth C. Nnamchi; Johannes Quaas; Juan Antonio Rivera; Shubha Sathyendranath; Sharon L. Smith; Blair Trewin; Karina von Shuckmann; Russell S. Vose. 〈Changing state of the climate system〉 (PDF). Valérie Masson-Delmotte; Panmao Zhai; Anna Pirani; Sarah L. Connors; C. Péan; Sophie Berger; Nada Caud; Y. Chen; Leah Goldfarb; Melissa I. Gomis; Mengtian Huang; Katherine Leitzell; Elisabeth Lonnoy; J. B. Robin Matthews; Thomas K. Maycock; Tim Waterfield; ?zge Yelek?i; R. Yu; Botao Zhou. 《Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. The contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change》. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ “El Ni?o Information”. 《California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region》.
- ↑ “The Strongest El Nino in Decades Is Going to Mess With Everything”. 《Bloomberg.com》. 2015? 10? 21?. 2017? 2? 18?? ???.
- ↑ “How the Pacific Ocean changes weather around the world”. 《Popular Science》 (??). 2017? 2? 19?? ???.
- ↑ Trenberth, Kevin E (December 1997). “The Definition of El Ni?o”. 《Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society》 78 (12): 2771–2777. Bibcode:1997BAMS...78.2771T. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2771:TDOENO>2.0.CO;2.
- ↑ “Australian Climate Influences: El Ni?o”. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2016? 4? 4?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? L'Heureux, Michelle (2014? 5? 5?). “What is the El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in a nutshell?”. 《ENSO Blog》. 2016? 4? 9?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 4? 7?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? “What is El Ni?o and what might it mean for Australia?”. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2016? 3? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2016? 4? 10?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? “El Nino here to stay”. BBC News. 1997? 11? 7?. 2010? 5? 1?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? “El Ni?o 2016”. 《Atavist》. 2015? 10? 6?. 2018? 2? 26?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2023? 4? 22?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? ? ? “Historical El Ni?o/La Ni?a episodes (1950–present)”. United States Climate Prediction Center. 2019? 2? 1?. 2019? 3? 15?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? ? “El Ni?o - Detailed Australian Analysis”. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2016? 4? 3?? ???.
- ↑ “El Ni?o in Australia” (PDF). 《Bom.gov.au》. 2022? 3? 1?? ???.
- ↑ Becker, Emily (2014? 12? 4?). “December's ENSO Update: Close, but no cigar”. 《ENSO Blog》. 2016? 3? 22?? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ ???? ??? (2023? 3? 23?). “???·??? ??”. 《??? ????》. 2023? 4? 1?? ???.
- ↑ “Historical El Ni?o and La Ni?a Events”. Japan Meteorological Agency. 2016? 4? 4?? ???.
- ↑ “ENSO Tracker: About ENSO and the Tracker”. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. 2016? 4? 4?? ???.
- ↑ Di Liberto, Tom (2014? 9? 11?). “ENSO + Climate Change = Headache”. 《ENSO Blog》. 2016? 4? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??.
- ↑ Collins, Mat; An, Soon-Il; Cai, Wenju; Ganachaud, Alexandre; Guilyardi, Eric; Jin, Fei-Fei; Jochum, Markus; Lengaigne, Matthieu; Power, Scott; Timmermann, Axel; Vecchi, Gabe; Wittenberg, Andrew (2010? 5? 23?). “The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Ni?o”. 《Nature Geoscience》 3 (6): 391–397. Bibcode:2010NatGe...3..391C. doi:10.1038/ngeo868.
- ↑ “Climate Change is Making El Ni?os More Intense, Study Finds”. 《Yale E360》 (?? ??). 2022? 4? 19?? ???.
- ↑ Wang, Bin; Luo, Xiao; Yang, Young-Min; Sun, Weiyi; Cane, Mark A.; Cai, Wenju; Yeh, Sang-Wook; Liu, Jian (2019? 11? 5?). “Historical change of El Ni?o properties sheds light on future changes of extreme El Ni?o”. 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences》 (??) 116 (45): 22512–22517. Bibcode:2019PNAS..11622512W. doi:10.1073/pnas.1911130116. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 6842589. PMID 31636177.
- ↑ Jiu,Liping; Song,Mirong; Zhu,Zhu; Horton, Radley M; Hu,Yongyun; Xie,Shang-Ping (2022? 8? 23?). “Arctic sea-ice loss is projected to lead to more frequent strong El Ni?o events”. 《Nature Communications》 13 (1): 4952. doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32705-2. PMC 9399112. PMID 35999238.
- ↑ Bourget, Steve (2016? 5? 3?). 《Sacrifice, Violence, and Ideology Among the Moche: The Rise of Social Complexity in Ancient Peru》 (??). University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477308738.
- ↑ Brian Donegan (2019? 3? 14?). “El Ni?o Conditions Strengthen, Could Last Through Summer”. The Weather Company. 2019? 3? 15?? ???.
- ↑ “El Nino is over, NOAA says”. 《Al.com》. 2019? 8? 8?. 2019? 9? 5?? ???.
- ↑ ? ? Davis, Mike (2001). 《Late Victorian Holocausts: El Ni?o Famines and the Making of the Third World》. London: Verso. 271?. ISBN 978-1-85984-739-8.
- ↑ “Very strong 1997-98 Pacific warm episode (El Ni?o)”. 2015? 7? 28?? ???.
- ↑ Sutherland, Scott (2017? 2? 16?). “La Ni?a calls it quits. Is El Ni?o paying us a return visit?”. 《The Weather Network》. 2017? 2? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2017? 2? 17?? ???.
- ↑ Climate Prediction Center (2005? 12? 19?). “ENSO FAQ: How often do El Ni?o and La Ni?a typically occur?”. National Centers for Environmental Prediction. 2009? 8? 27?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 7? 26?? ???.
- ↑ National Climatic Data Center (June 2009). “El Ni?o / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) June 2009”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2009? 7? 26?? ???.
- ↑ Carrè, Matthieu; ?. (2005). “Strong El Ni?o events during the early Holocene: stable isotope evidence from Peruvian sea shells”. 《The Holocene》 15 (1): 42–7. Bibcode:2005Holoc..15...42C. doi:10.1191/0959683605h1782rp. S2CID 128967433.
- ↑ Brian Fagan (1999). 《Floods, Famines and Emperors: El Ni?o and the Fate of Civilizations》. Basic Books. 119–138?. ISBN 978-0-465-01120-9.
- ↑ Grove, Richard H. (1998). “Global Impact of the 1789–93 El Ni?o”. 《Nature》 393 (6683): 318–9. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..318G. doi:10.1038/30636. S2CID 205000683.
- ↑ ó Gráda, C. (2009). 〈Ch. 1: The Third Horseman〉. 《Famine: A Short History》. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691147970. 2016? 1? 12?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 3? 3?? ???.
- ↑ “Dimensions of need - People and populations at risk”. Fao.org. 2015? 7? 28?? ???.
- ↑ Carrillo, Camilo N. (1892) "Disertación sobre las corrientes oceánicas y estudios de la correinte Peruana ó de Humboldt" (Dissertation on the ocean currents and studies of the Peruvian, or Humboldt's, current), Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, 2 : 72–110. [in Spanish] From p. 84: "Los marinos paite?os que navegan frecuentemente cerca de la costa y en embarcaciones peque?as, ya al norte ó al sur de Paita, conocen esta corriente y la denomination Corriente del Ni?o, sin duda porque ella se hace mas visible y palpable después de la Pascua de Navidad." (The sailors [from the city of] Paita who sail often near the coast and in small boats, to the north or the south of Paita, know this current and call it "the current of the Boy [el Ni?o]", undoubtedly because it becomes more visible and palpable after the Christmas season.)
- ↑ Lartigue (1827). 《Description de la C?te Du Pérou, Entre 19° et 16° 20' de Latitude Sud, ...》 [Description of the Coast of Peru, Between 19° and 16° 20' South Latitude, ...] (????). Paris, France: L'Imprimerie Royale. 22–23?. From pp. 22–23: "Il est néanmoins nécessaire, au sujet de cette règle générale, de faire part d'une exception ... dépassé le port de sa destination de plus de 2 ou 3 lieues; ... " (It is nevertheless necessary, with regard to this general rule, to announce an exception which, in some circumstances, might shorten the sailing. One said above that the breeze was sometimes quite fresh [i.e., strong], and that then the counter-current, which bore southward along the land, stretched some miles in length; it is obvious that one will have to tack in this counter-current, whenever the wind's force will permit it and whenever one will not have gone past the port of one's destination by more than 2 or 3 leagues; ...)
- ↑ ? ? Pezet, Federico Alfonso (1896), 〈The Counter-Current "El Ni?o," on the Coast of Northern Peru〉, 《Report of the Sixth International Geographical Congress: Held in London, 1895, Volume 6》, 603–606?
- ↑ Findlay, Alexander G. (1851). 《A Directory for the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean -- Part II. The Islands, Etc., of the Pacific Ocean》. London: R. H. Laurie. 1233?.
M. Lartigue is among the first who noticed a counter or southerly current.
- ↑ "Droughts in Australia: Their causes, duration, and effect: The views of three government astronomers [R.L.J. Ellery, H.C. Russell, and C. Todd]," The Australasian (Melbourne, Victoria), 29 December 1888, pp. 1455–1456. From p. 1456: ??? 16 9? 2017 - ??? ?? "Australian and Indian Weather" : "Comparing our records with those of India, I find a close correspondence or similarity of seasons with regard to the prevalence of drought, and there can be little or no doubt that severe droughts occur as a rule simultaneously over the two countries."
- ↑ Lockyer, N. and Lockyer, W.J.S. (1904) "The behavior of the short-period atmospheric pressure variation over the Earth's surface," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 73 : 457–470.
- ↑ Eguiguren, D. Victor (1894) "Las lluvias de Piura" (The rains of Piura), Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima, 4 : 241–258. [in Spanish] From p. 257: "Finalmente, la época en que se presenta la corriente de Ni?o, es la misma de las lluvias en aquella región." (Finally, the period in which the El Ni?o current is present is the same as that of the rains in that region [i.e., the city of Piura, Peru].)
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